IAS 37
PROVISIONS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND CONTINGENT ASSETS
Objective
The objective of IAS 37 is to ensure that appropriate recognition criteria and measurement bases are applied to provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets and that sufficient information is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements to enable users to understand their nature, timing and amount. The key principle established by the Standard is that a provision should be recognised only when there is a liability i.e. a present obligation resulting from past events. The Standard thus aims to ensure that only genuine obligations are dealt with in the financial statements - planned future expenditure, even where authorised by the board of directors or equivalent governing body, is excluded from recognition.
Scope
IAS 37 excludes obligations and contingencies arising from: [IAS 37.1]
- financial instruments that are in the scope of IAS 39
- non-onerous executory contracts
- insurance company policy liabilities (but IAS 37 does apply to non-policy-related liabilities of an insurance company)
- items covered by another IAS. For example, IAS 11, Construction Contracts, applies to obligations arising under such contracts; IAS 12, Income Taxes, applies to obligations for current or deferred income taxes; IAS 17, Leases, applies to lease obligations; and IAS 19, Employee Benefits, applies to pension and other employee benefit obligations.
Key Definitions [IAS 37.10]
Provision: a liability of uncertain timing or amount.
Liability:
- present obligation as a result of past events
- settlement is expected to result in an outflow of resources (payment)
Contingent liability:
- a possible obligation depending on whether some uncertain future event occurs, or
- a present obligation but payment is not probable or the amount cannot be measured reliably
Contingent asset:
- a possible asset that arises from past events, and
- whose existence will be confirmed only by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the entity.
Recognition of a Provision
An entity must recognise a provision if, and only if: [IAS 37.14]
- a present obligation (legal or constructive) has arisen as a result of a past event (the obligating event),
- payment is probable ('more likely than not'), and
- the amount can be estimated reliably.
An obligating event is an event that creates a legal or constructive obligation and, therefore, results in an entity having no realistic alternative but to settle the obligation. [IAS 37.10]
A constructive obligation arises if past practice creates a valid expectation on the part of a third party, for example, a retail store that has a long-standing policy of allowing customers to return merchandise within, say, a 30-day period. [IAS 37.10]
A possible obligation (a contingent liability) is disclosed but not accrued. However, disclosure is not required if payment is remote. [IAS 37.86]
In rare cases, for example in a lawsuit, it may not be clear whether an entity has a present obligation. In those cases, a past event is deemed to give rise to a present obligation if, taking account of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that a present obligation exists at the balance sheet date. A provision should be recognised for that present obligation if the other recognition criteria described above are met. If it is more likely than not that no present obligation exists, the entity should disclose a contingent liability, unless the possibility of an outflow of resources is remote. [IAS 37.15]
Measurement of Provisions
The amount recognised as a provision should be the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation at the balance sheet date, that is, the amount that an entity would rationally pay to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date or to transfer it to a third party. [IAS 37.36] This means:
- Provisions for one-off events (restructuring, environmental clean-up, settlement of a lawsuit) are measured at the most likely amount. [IAS 37.40]
- Provisions for large populations of events (warranties, customer refunds) are measured at a probability-weighted expected value. [IAS 37.39]
- Both measurements are at discounted present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects the current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. [IAS 37.45 and 37.47]
In reaching its best estimate, the entity should take into account the risks and uncertainties that surround the underlying events. [IAS 37.42]
If some or all of the expenditure required to settle a provision is expected to be reimbursed by another party, the reimbursement should be recognised as a separate asset, and not as a reduction of the required provision, when, and only when, it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received if the entity settles the obligation. The amount recognised should not exceed the amount of the provision. [IAS 37.53]
In measuring a provision consider future events as follows:
- forecast reasonable changes in applying existing technology [IAS 37.49]
- ignore possible gains on sale of assets [IAS 37.51]
- consider changes in legislation only if virtually certain to be enacted [IAS 37.50]
Remeasurement of Provisions [IAS 37.59]
- Review and adjust provisions at each balance sheet date
- If outflow no longer probable, reverse the provision to income.
Some Examples of Provisions
| Restructuring by sale of an operation | Accrue a provision only after a binding sale agreement [IAS 37.78] |
| Restructuring by closure or reorganisation | Accrue a provision only after a detailed formal plan is adopted and announced publicly. A Board decision is not enough [Appendix C, Examples 5A & 5B] |
| Warranty | Accrue a provision (past event was the sale of defective goods) [Appendix C, Example 1] |
| Land contamination | Accrue a provision if the company's policy is to clean up even if there is no legal requirement to do so (past event is the obligation and public expectation created by the company's policy) [Appendix C, Examples 2B] |
| Customer refunds | Accrue if the established policy is to give refunds (past event is the customer's expectation, at time of purchase, that a refund would be available) [Appendix C, Example 4] |
| Offshore oil rig must be removed and sea bed restored | Accrue a provision when installed, and add to the cost of the asset [Appendix C, Example 2] |
| Abandoned leasehold, four years to run | Accrue a provision [Appendix C, Example 8] |
| CPA firm must staff training for recent changes in tax law | No provision (there is no obligation to provide the training) [Appendix C, Example 7] |
| Major overhaul or repairs | No provision (no obligation) [Appendix C, Example 11] |
| Onerous (loss-making) contract | Accrue a provision [IAS 37.66] |
Restructurings
A restructuring is: [IAS 37.70]
- sale or termination of a line of business
- closure of business locations
- changes in management structure
- fundamental reorganisation of company
Restructuring provisions should be accrued as follows: [IAS 37.72]
- Sale of operation: accrue provision only after a binding sale agreement [IAS 37.78] If the binding sale agreement is after balance sheet date, disclose but do not accrue
- Closure or reorganisation: accrue only after a detailed formal plan is adopted and announced publicly. A board decision is not enough.
- Future operating losses: provisions should not be recognised for future operating losses, even in a restructuring
- Restructuring provision on acquisition: accrue provision only if there is an obligation at acquisition date [IFRS 3.43 or IFRS3 R.11]
Restructuring provisions should include only direct expenditures caused by the restructuring, not costs that associated with the ongoing activities of the entity. [IAS 37.80]
What Is the Debit Entry?
When a provision (liability) is recognised, the debit entry for a provision is not always an expense. Sometimes the provision may form part of the cost of the asset. Examples: obligation for environmental cleanup when a new mine is opened or an offshore oil rig is installed. [IAS 37.8]
Use of Provisions
Provisions should only be used for the purpose for which they were originally recognised. They should be reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect the current best estimate. If it is no longer probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation, the provision should be reversed. [IAS 37.61]
Contingent Liabilities
Since there is common ground as regards liabilities that are uncertain, IAS 37 also deals with contingencies. It requires that entities should not recognise contingent liabilities - but should disclose them, unless the possibility of an outflow of economic resources is remote. [IAS 37.86]
Contingent Assets
Contingent assets should not be recognised - but should be disclosed where an inflow of economic benefits is probable. When the realisation of income is virtually certain, then the related asset is not a contingent asset and its recognition is appropriate. [IAS 37.31-35]
Disclosures
Reconciliation for each class of provision: [IAS 37.84]
- opening balance
- additions
- used (amounts charged against the provision)
- released (reversed)
- unwinding of the discount
- closing balance
A prior year reconciliation is not required. [IAS 37.84]
For each class of provision, a brief description of: [IAS 37.85]
- nature
- timing
- uncertainties
- assumptions
- reimbursement, if any
